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Mobile phone - Wikipedia. Evolution of mobile phones, to an early smartphone. A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Most modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and, therefore, mobile telephones are often also called cellular telephones or cell phones.
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In addition to telephony, 2. MMS, email, Internet access, short- range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming, and digital photography.
Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F.
From 1. 98. 3 to 2. This is a reenactment in 2. A handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1. 91. 7, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a . Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries.
The advances in mobile telephony have been traced in successive . These 0. G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, and were very expensive. First commercially available handheld cellular mobile phone, 1. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. This was followed in 1. Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.
These first- generation (1. G) systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology. In 1. 98. 3, the Dyna. TAC 8. 00. 0x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1. 99. 1, the second- generation (2. G) digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1.
G network operators. Ten years later, in 2. G) was launched in Japan by NTT Do. Co. Mo on the WCDMA standard. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4. G were the Wi. MAX standard, offered in North America by Sprint, and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by Telia. Sonera. Types. Smartphone.
Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 1. The International Telecommunication Union measures those with Internet connection, which it calls Active Mobile- Broadband subscriptions (which includes tablets, etc.). In the developed world, smartphones have now overtaken the usage of earlier mobile systems. However, in the developing world, they account for around 5.
Feature phone. Feature phone is a term typically used as a retronym to describe mobile phones which are limited in capabilities in contrast to a modern smartphone. Feature phones typically provide voice calling and text messaging functionality, in addition to basic multimedia and Internet capabilities, and other services offered by the user's wireless service provider. A feature phone has additional functions over and above a basic mobile phone which is only capable of voice calling and text messaging. By contrast, smartphones generally use a mobile operating system that often shares common traits across devices.
Kosher phone. There are Jewish orthodox religious restrictions which, by some interpretations, standard mobile telephones overstep. To deal with this problem, some rabbinical organizations have recommended that phones with text- messaging capability not be used by children. Although these phones are intended to prevent immodesty, some vendors report good sales to adults who prefer the simplicity of the devices.
Some phones are approved for use by essential workers (such as health, security, and public service workers) on the sabbath, even though the use of any electrical device is generally prohibited during this time. These are a keypad for feature phones and touch screens for most smartphones. A screen which echoes the user's typing displays text messages, contacts, and more. Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages. All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices. Dating An Amish Guy on this page. Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called an R- UIM. Individual GSM, WCDMA, i.
DEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number. Low- end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones and offer basic telephony. Handsets with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications are known as smartphones. Sound. In sound, smartphones and feature phones vary little. Some audio- quality enhancing features, such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice, have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones.
Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in long distance calls. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear. SIM card. GSMfeature phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, in order to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service- subscriber key (IMSI) and the Ki used to identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone.
The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device, provided that this is not prevented by a SIM lock. The first SIM card was made in 1. Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja. SIM and R- UIM cards may be mixed together to allow both GSM and CDMA networks to be accessed.
From 2. 01. 0 onwards, such phones became popular in emerging markets. The first SMS message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1. UK while the first person- to- person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1. The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was introduced in 2. Nokia was the market leader in mobile phones from 1. Samsung has retained its top position since then.
In Q2 2. 01. 6, the top five manufacturers were Samsung (2. Apple (1. 2. 9%), Huawei (8. Oppo (5. 4%), and Xiaomi (4. Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, such as keeping in touch with family members, for conducting business, and in order to have access to a telephone in the event of an emergency. Some people carry more than one mobile phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use.
Multiple SIM cards may be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans. For example, a particular plan might provide for cheaper local calls, long- distance calls, international calls, or roaming.
The mobile phone has been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society. For example: A study by Motorola found that one in ten mobile phone subscribers have a second phone that is often kept secret from other family members. These phones may be used to engage in such activities as extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings.
These are often refurbished phones. Use of mobile phones also spawns a wealth of micro- enterprises, by providing such work as selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing handsets. This can now be avoided in areas with mobile phone coverage, which are usually more extensive than areas with just land line penetration. The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile apps, advertising, social TV, and mobile TV.
It is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobile phones among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part. Soon afterwards, other media content appeared, such as news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most early content for mobile phones tended to be copies of legacy media, such as banner advertisements or TV news highlight video clips. Recently, unique content for mobile phones has been emerging, from ringtones and ringback tones to mobisodes, video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile phones. Mobile banking and payment.
In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M- PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M- PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies. Branchless banking has also been successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was launched in 2. International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank, Bank Mandiri.
Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the Internet. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1. Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators Globe and Smart.