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Herbalism - Wikipedia. Herbalism (also herbal medicine or phytotherapy) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today.
Modern medicine recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. Modern medicine makes use of many plant- derived compounds as the basis for evidence- based pharmaceutical drugs. Although phytotherapy may apply modern standards of effectiveness testing to herbs and medicines derived from natural sources, few high- quality clinical trials and standards for purity or dosage exist.
The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. Synonyms. Practitioners of herbalism or phytotherapy are referred to as herbalists or phytotherapists. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,0. Sumerians, who compiled lists of plants.
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A number of ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called herbals. In ancient Egypt, herbs are mentioned in Egyptian medical papyri, depicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs. Only a few fragments of these works have survived intact, but from what remains scholars have noted a large amount of overlap with the Egyptian herbals. Over a hundred of the 2. Huangdi Neijing, an early Chinese medical text, are herbs.
AD) of Anazarbus, Cilicia, a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, is a particularly important example of herbal writing; it dominated for some 1. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 2. United States have been derived from plants. Preclinical studies (cell culture and animal studies) were reported for about one- half of the plant products, while 1. Western market, had . Strong evidence was found that 5 were toxic or allergenic, so that their use ought to be discouraged or forbidden.
Nine plants with evidence of therapeutic effect included Althaea officinalis, Calendula officinalis, Centella asiatica, Echinacea purpurea, Passiflora incarnata, Punica granatum, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Valeriana officinalis. The survey was limited to adults, aged 1. United States. According to this survey, herbal therapy, or use of natural products other than vitamins and minerals, was the most commonly used CAM therapy (1. In Germany, herbal medications are dispensed by apothecaries (e. Apotheke). Prescription drugs are sold alongside essential oils, herbal extracts, or herbal teas. Herbal remedies are seen by some as a treatment to be preferred to pure medical compounds that have been industrially produced.
The National Medicinal Plants Board was also established in 2. Indian government in order to deal with the herbal medical system. One is the ratio of raw materials to solvent.
However different specimens of even the same plant species may vary in chemical content. For this reason, thin layer chromatography is sometimes used by growers to assess the content of their products before use.
Another method is standardization on a signal chemical. Infusions are hot water extracts of herbs, such as chamomile or mint, through steeping. Decoctions are the long- term boiled extracts, usually of harder substances like roots or bark. Maceration is the old infusion of plants with high mucilage- content, such as sage, thyme, etc.
To make macerates, plants are chopped and added to cold water. They are then left to stand for 7 to 1.
For most macerates 1. A completed tincture has an ethanol percentage of at least 2. Liquid extracts are liquids with a lower ethanol percentage than tinctures. They are usually made by vacuum distilling tinctures.
Dry extracts are extracts of plant material that are evaporated into a dry mass. They can then be further refined to a capsule or tablet. A tea will be rich in polar components because water is a polar solvent. Oil on the other hand is a non- polar solvent and it will absorb non- polar compounds. Alcohol lies somewhere in between. Essential oil extracts can be applied to the skin, usually diluted in a carrier oil.
Many essential oils can burn the skin or are simply too high dose used straight; diluting them in olive oil or another food grade oil such as almond oil can allow these to be used safely as a topical. Salves, oils, balms, creams and lotions are other forms of topical delivery mechanisms. Most topical applications are oil extractions of herbs. Taking a food grade oil and soaking herbs in it for anywhere from weeks to months allows certain phytochemicals to be extracted into the oil. This oil can then be made into salves, creams, lotions, or simply used as an oil for topical application. Many massage oils, antibacterial salves, and wound healing compounds are made this way.
Herbal remedies can also be dangerously contaminated, and herbal medicines without established efficacy, may unknowingly be used to replace medicines that do have corroborated efficacy. Examples of highly toxic herbs include poison hemlock and nightshade. A case of major potassium depletion has been attributed to chronic licorice ingestion.. Black cohosh has been implicated in a case of liver failure.
John's wort, Khat, Betel nut, the restricted herb Ephedra, and Guarana. Some herbs may amplify the effects of anticoagulants. One bottle labeled as St. John's Wort was found to actually contain Alexandrian senna, a laxative. Out of 1. 21 products, only 1. TGA listing and packaging.
Similarly, traditional Ayurvedic herbalist: one who is trained or skilled in the dispensing of herbal prescriptions in the Ayurvedic tradition. One trained or skilled in the therapeutic use of medicinal plants. One who is skilled in the preparation/manufacture of dried and/or liquid herbal products who possesses a pharmacognostic, formulary and/or clinical understanding of the products being prepared/manufactured. Herbalists must learn many skills, including the wildcrafting or cultivation of herbs, diagnosis and treatment of conditions or dispensing herbal medication, and preparations of herbal medications. Education of herbalists varies considerably in different areas of the world.
Lay herbalists and traditional indigenous medicine people generally rely upon apprenticeship and recognition from their communities in lieu of formal schooling. For example, in Australia the currently self- regulated status of the profession (as of April 2.
The National Herbalists Association of Australia is generally recognised as having the most rigorous professional standard within Australia. For example, Bachelor of Science degrees in herbal medicine are offered at Universities such as University of East London, Middlesex University, University of Central Lancashire, University of Westminster, University of Lincoln and Napier University in Edinburgh at the present. The Cannabis plant is used as an herbal medicine, and as such is legal in some parts of the world. Since 2. 00. 4, the sales of ephedra as a dietary supplement is prohibited in the United States by the FDA. Phytotherapy is regarded by some as traditional medicine. One idea is that the yin- yang balance, at least with regard to herbs, corresponds to the pro- oxidant and anti- oxidant balance. This interpretation is supported by several investigations of the ORAC ratings of various yin and yang herbs.
Over 3. 37 species of medicinal plants have been documented by C. P. Those are used by Amchis, the practitioners of this medical system. The Siddha system is entirely in the Tamil language. It contains roughly 3.
This work includes herbal, mineral and metallic compositions used as medicine. Ayurveda is in Sanskrit, but Sanskrit was not generally used as a mother tongue and hence its medicines are mostly taken from Siddha and other local traditions.
Jamu is thought to have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era, some 1. The Madhawapura inscription from Majapahit period mentioned a specific profession of herbs mixer and combiner (herbalist), called Acaraki. Indonesians might experimented and figure out the medicinal uses of these native herbal plants. Jamu may vary from region to region, and often not written down, especially in remote areas of the country. Neither frame of reference provides an unobstructed view of health and illness. Each is incomplete and in need of refinement. The magical/shamanic—Almost all societies, with the exception of cultures influenced by Western- style industrialization, recognize this kind of use.
The practitioner is regarded as endowed with gifts or powers that allow him/her to use herbs in a way that is hidden from the average person, and the herbs are said to affect the spirit or soul of the person. The energetic—This approach includes the major systems of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, and Unani. Herbs are regarded as having actions in terms of their energies and affecting the energies of the body. The practitioner may have extensive training, and ideally be sensitive to energy, but need not have supernatural powers. The functional dynamic—This approach was used by early physiomedical practitioners, whose doctrine forms the basis of contemporary practice in the UK. Free Dating Personals Colorado.
Herbs have a functional action, which is not necessarily linked to a physical compound, although often to a physiological function, but there is no explicit recourse to concepts involving energy. The chemical—Modern practitioners – called Phytotherapists – attempt to explain herb actions in terms of their chemical constituents. It is generally assumed that the specific combination of secondary metabolites in the plant are responsible for the activity claimed or demonstrated, a concept called synergy. Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves but not isolate particular phytochemicals.